Where the prospect of a company expands horizons until recently not even considered, therefore including the environment and society, even the actors with which it must relate multiply: the outline of the dialogue expands, crosses the border for cheap land to a broader, more human, more public. This is the context that allows the passage from a perspective of self-dialogue, or the undertaking with the company to a more open, multi-stakeholders.
The term stakeholder, Anglo-Saxon origin, is initially used to describe a person who has a general interest against a company and its economic initiatives [1] , and then refined to refer to all individuals who can affect or are affected by the company. The company must also take into account those who do not have direct power over processes and profits, but suffer the consequences. [2] These fall within the current definitions of "Stakeholder Theory", which means the company as a place of mediation between the interests, sometimes conflicting, stakeholder, and as a clearing house in which everyone reaches their own purposes. It postulates that interest groups should participate in defining the general interest of the company, so the goal must be to coordinate the company's interests stakeholders, which are configured so as a set of relationships between groups that have an interest in its activities " [3] (It should be recognized that this theory has been developed according to different approaches : normative, descriptive or instrumental [4] ). The father of stakeholder theory is considered as opposed to Edward Freeman but Milton Friedman, who was the main defender of the theory of the Stockholder, according to which the task is to make profit of the company and do not solve social problems.
Ultimately, we can therefore understand the stakeholders as all those actors who, in greater or lesser extent, directly or indirectly influenced by the firm or are necessary for the survival of the same (groups of primary interest) . The traditional approach requires that the company was only conditioned by the shareholders, or owners, and it was only in front of those who had to respond. In the new business model that is emerging in the twenty-first century, it is recognized that the right to operate is granted by the various interest groups that represent the whole of society. The concept of stakeholders is thus the basis for Social Responsibility, since it implies the satisfaction of the demands that come from different groups with whom the company reports.
There are several categories of interest groups, but it can be below a summary of the main stakeholders:
| - Shareholders | - Consumers | - Customer | - Searches | - Officials | |||
| - Generations Future | - Local Communities | - PA State | - Company | ||||
Interest groups can be further categorized according to the importance that they play in the firm's survival. Are commonly mentioned:
· primary , ie all those actors are essential to the development of the company which the shareholders, customers and employees
· AUDIENCE: Public Administration and State
· SECONDARY: all other stakeholders directly or indirectly involved with the business of .
In any case, to obtain a more exact as possible on lobbying, it is best that each company establish a "list" as a function of two factors:
· ; The geopolitical context in which it develops its activities
· The sector in which it develops its activities
Within the generality of the concept of stakeholders and then each company must define what its classified by function and the impact that they would risk that would be generated if there was inadequate management of their demands. In this way the company will give priority to those behaviors and mechanisms will be considered more important in building relationships with its network of stakeholders.
conclusion, business-oriented multi-stakeholder perspective should be retained, in order:
a) Identification of the groups' interest
b) Internalization of expectations of interest groups
c) Definition and influence the expectations of each interest group
d) Defining a strategy for participation is
well anyway to point out that the development of a multi-stakeholder policy dialogue has to assume that the company should make available the resources and tools needed to create a way and a valid form of communication for each stakeholder . [5] [3] Post, Preston e Sachs 2002
[4] For a discussion on the subject: Donaldson and Preston, Perrini and Tencati " Corporate Social Responsibility " Egea .
[5] Within a CSR management system, there are indicators to measure the state of development, dialogue and satisfaction of the network of stakeholders. The GRI, for example dedidca large section to evaluate this aspect.
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